Unleashing the Health Potential of Anthocyanins in Crops: An Integrative Perspective From Biosynthesis to Storage

Anthocyanins, natural pigments prevalent in diverse crops, have garnered substantial interest due to their application in the food, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries, as well as their potential health benefits. However, the low rate of anthocyanin biosynthesis in most crops limits their large-scale production and utilization. Consequently, elucidating the biosynthetic and transport pathways of anthocyanins, particularly through the identification of key genes and regulatory mechanisms, has become a critical research focus for enhancing anthocyanin production. In this study, we analyze the anthocyanin content across various crops, revealing their widespread presence in plants but with great interspecies variation in concentration. We further evaluate their health benefits, particularly their potential medical applications, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, we explore key molecular pathways, including critical enzymes and transcription factors that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and storage. We systematically review feasible biotechnological strategies to boost anthocyanin yields in crops, such as genetic and metabolic engineering. By synthesizing this knowledge, our study explores key regulatory factors that could optimize anthocyanin biosynthesis efficiency. This work holds promise for advancing their applications in dietary supplementation and therapeutic interventions, ultimately benefiting human health.