Earlier reproductive phenology of restored grasslands

Abstract Introduction Plants introduced to degraded ecosystems during restoration efforts often face novel environmental conditions. Consequently, plant functional traits can differ between restored and reference sites, even within the same species. Studies on such intraspecific variation mainly focused on vegetative traits, while the timing of life‐history events, phenology, received less attention so far. Objectives This study investigates intraspecific and interspecific variation in reproductive phenology (flowering, seed ripening, or seed dispersal) by comparing the timing of phenology events between restored and semi‐natural meadows. Methods We examined the reproductive phenology of 16 flowering plant species across 47 restored meadows and 16 reference, semi‐natural meadows within the same region in central Europe. Results Plant reproductive phenology in restored meadows was, on average, 2 days earlier than in reference meadows. This trend was particularly pronounced among species with early seasonal development. Conclusion Such phenological shifts highlight how changes in environmental and management conditions may influence plant phenology in the context of restoration. Possible explanations for these shifts include warmer microclimates and different soil properties in restored meadows, as well as differences in management practices, such as earlier mowing. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of restoration outcomes and underscore the importance of considering restoration‐induced phenological shifts in conservation and management practices.