Cognition With and Without the Presence of Others—The Dynamic Activation‐Control Model

ABSTRACT This article reviews empirical evidence on how cognition differs in isolation versus social contexts (mere presence, co‐action), focusing on memory activation and control processes. The reviewed findings suggest that social presence broadens associative activation and heightens sensitivity to contextual features, while concurrently strengthening cognitive control over potential distractions. In contrast, social isolation favors early attentional selection processes, attentional narrowing and a more efficient updating of working memory. Supported by this evidence, we propose a Dynamic Activation‐Control model, which posits that the presence of others increases the amount of information activated compared to being alone, which is accompanied by a necessary increase in monitoring and inhibitory control. We discuss how this model revisits and expands upon classical Social‐facilitation theories by integrating the findings with contemporary insights into the functioning of the human mind.