Insights into lentil diversity, domestication, and the genetic basis of important agronomic traits through resequencing of 238 Lens accessions

Lentil is an important legume crop with significant nutritional value, playing a pivotal role in environmentally sustainable agricultural systems. The lentil whole-genome resequencing data have not been reported. In this study, we re-sequenced a total of 238 Lens accessions, including 112 cultivated lentils, 71 landraces, and 55 wild species, and generated a comprehensive map of lentil genome variation with 103 290 296 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 9 099 509 indels, and 276 171 copy number variations (CNVs). The highest numbers of variants were observed in wild species overall. Population genomic analysis revealed lentil was first domesticated in the Near East. Among wild species, L. orientalis showed the closest relationship with cultivated lentils. Demographic history analysis demonstrated the divergence time between L. orientalis and L. culinaris was around 12 Kya. Scans for selective sweeps indicated traits including flowering time and disease resistance might have been under continuous selection during domestication. The genetic architecture of Fusarium root rot resistance and other economically and agronomically important traits were also identified. The two genes encoding a toll-interleukin receptor nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) protein and an auxin-binding protein were predicted as candidate genes associated with Fusarium root rot resistance. This study provides valuable genomic resources for both basic and applied efforts to understand and exploit the genetic basis of important traits for lentil crop improvement via molecular breeding.