EVALUATING THE FEASIBILITY OF ROOFTOP PV SYSTEMS FOR HOME EV CHARGING IN INDONESIA: TECHNICAL, ECONOMIC, AND EMISSION PERSPECTIVES

Energy and transportation sectors contribute significantly to high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, triggering urgency to accelerate electric vehicles (EVs) adoption and their supporting infrastructure in order to achieve national decarbonization targets. Study aims to evaluate the feasibility of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems for electric vehicles (EVs) home charging from technical, economic, and emissions aspects. Three configurations (PV On-Grid, PV On-Grid with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and PV Off-Grid) were compared with the existing condition (Grid) and analyzed using HOMER Pro software. This configuration results in an energy cost of $0.107/kWh, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 8.6%, and payback period of 9.7 years. This system reduce CO2 equivalent (GHG mass equivalent to CO2; hereinafter referred as CO2) emission by approximately 835.8 kg per year per household. Sensitivity analysis indicates that when the costs of PV components, inverters, and BESS decrease by 12% and 8% per year, energy costs could decrease to $0.086/kWh by 2044, with payback period of only 2.4 years. The study provides recommendations to PT PLN Persero and relevant stakeholders to develop joint investment schemes, partnerships with electric vehicle manufacturers, and Time-of-Use (ToU) tariffs to promote the adoption of sustainable energy and decarbonization of the transportation sector.