Emerging Trends in Fully Three-Dimensional-Printed Functional Biomedical Systems-A Review

Abstract Biomedical engineering is quickly evolving due to three-dimensional (3D), which makes it possible for structurally complex, constructing multifunctional, and patient-specific equipment. In recent times, three combined trends have appeared at the forefront of this field: in situ bioprinting, fully decomposable bio-electronics, and translational frameworks and developing regulatory. This review presents a summary of the current growth in these areas, highlighting how combined novel bio-inks, material design, and multimaterial additive manufacturing are stimulating the advancement of advanced biomedical tools. These tools can stimulate, sense, or therapeutically engage with tissues and are created to securely degrade after finishing their functional role. Current crucial developments comprise the development of conductive or printable materials. This review also investigates the controlling landscape, comprising direction from the U.S. Food & Drug Administration on additive-manufactured tools, sterility and material safety, the hurdles for clinical translation, and point-of-care device production. Ultimately, we determine translational and technical challenges such as ensuring long-term biocompatibility, manufacturing reproducibility, controlling degradation kinetics, and bridging regulatory variation, and propose procedures for future work. Together, these patterns propose an upcoming future in which fully 3D-printed functional biomedical configurations become more sustainable, safer, and more broadly clinically usable.