Role of Biomaterials in Nanotechnology

The fusion of nanotechnology with medical sciences and biomedicine has catalysed the emergence of nano-biomaterials, an advanced class of materials engineered to operate at the nanoscale. These materials have transformative potential in addressing critical healthcare challenges, including antimicrobial resistance and cancer treatment. This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the distinctive properties, synthesis methods, and biomedical applications of nano-biomaterials, with a focus on their roles in battling cancer and microbial interventions. Nano-biomaterials are characterized by their unique physicochemical properties, enabling precision drug delivery, enhanced bioimaging, and superior tissue engineering capabilities. Their applications extend across medical implants, diagnostics, and theragnostic platforms, showcasing their adaptability in personalized medicine. Specific emphasis is placed on the mechanisms through which nano-biomaterials interact with biological systems, including targeted drug delivery, oxidative stress induction, and biofilm disruption. The chapter also examines various classifications of biomaterials— natural, conventional, and nanostructured—highlighting advancements in organic and inorganic nanoparticles. Specific consideration is given to silver nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and liposomes for their antimicrobial and anticancer efficacy. Challenges related to toxicity, scalability, and biodistribution are discussed, underscoring the need for innovative designs and robust regulatory frameworks. Nano-biomaterials signify a groundbreaking frontier in medicine that offers revolutionary approaches to combat infections and cancer. Their development signifies a paradigm shift toward minimally invasive, targeted, and efficient therapeutic strategies, paving the way for future advancements in healthcare.