Laser-processed biphasic liquid metal conductors for soft bioelectronics

Hypertension affects billions of people worldwide, yet effective management remains limited, with only a small fraction of patients achieving adequate control. Although various non-clinical blood pressure monitoring devices are commercially available, their bulky form factors and cumbersome operation hinder continuous, long-term use. As a result, these systems are poorly suited for capturing dynamic blood pressure fluctuations associated with daily activities and lifestyle factors, which are critical contributors to cardiovascular complications. Continuous blood pressure monitoring in daily life is therefore essential for both prevention and effective disease management. In this work, we present a continuous blood pressure monitoring system featuring a soft, compact, and wearable design. The system is enabled by laser-processed liquid metal conductors that combine high electrical conductivity, mechanical stretchability, and biocompatibility. Owing to their intrinsic fluidity and conformal contact with the skin, these conductors sensitively capture both bioelectrical and biophysical signals generated by cardiac activity, allowing continuous blood pressure estimation without invasive procedures or external pressurization components such as cuffs. As a demonstration of system performance, continuous cardiovascular signals were recorded before and after exercise, and throughout the recovery period. The proposed platform offers a promising solution for continuous blood pressure monitoring and has the potential to meet the unmet needs of a large population affected by cardiovascular diseases.