Optimization of femtosecond laser nanowave texturing on 3D titanium implants for enhanced osteogenic mechanotransduction

Nanotopographical surface engineering plays a critical role in the osseointegration of dental implants. While conventional chemical-based treatments are widely established, there remains a growing demand for advanced methods that offer precise nanoscale controllability and ensure uniform application on complex three-dimensional (3D) geometries. In this study, we report the optimization of femtosecond laser–induced nanowave texturing directly applied to 3D titanium dental implants. By systematically tuning laser power, scanning speed, transverse overlap, focal depth tolerance, and angular incidence, a robust and reproducible processing window was established for homogeneous nanowave formation on curved implant surfaces. The optimized nanowave textures exhibited well-defined submicron periodicity and anisotropy while preserving bulk mechanical integrity, and biological evaluation demonstrated enhanced osteogenic responses and improved osseointegration in vivo. Overall, this work defines a practical femtosecond laser processing window that enables reproducible, scalable nanowave texturing on complex titanium implant geometries, providing a practical surface engineering strategy for next-generation dental implants.