Metabolic pattern developments in various disorders and treatments by NADH/FAD/FMN FLIM

Fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) of metabolic coenzymes, as NAD(P)H, FAD/FMN is now widely accepted to be one of the most important imaging methods for cellular energy metabolism. Different algorithms are developed and optimized for simultaneous NADH/FAD FLIM to get reproducible results. Whereas fitting of the intensity decay after short pulsed laser excitation (1p or 2p excitation using fs pulsed lasers) gives the best precision and standard deviation for the luminescence lifetimes, the phasor approach is a powerful tool to identify metabolic patterns in cells and tissue. Examples of successful pattern imaging in conjunction with various treatments will be discussed.