SNR performance comparison between SPAD arrays, PMT, and APD

This work investigates the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance of two SPAD array detectors, SPAD 23 and SPAD 93, at different wavelengths, and benchmarks their performance against two established low-light detection technologies: photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Using controlled experimental conditions and a consistent SNR evaluation methodology, this study demonstrates that SPAD arrays achieve SNR levels comparable to those of conventional photodetectors while simultaneously offering key additional benefits, including high dynamic range, integrated timing functionality, and scalability through pixel resolution. The dynamic range analysis highlights the ability of SPAD arrays to operate over significantly wider photon flux ranges than PMTs and APDs. Altogether, these results provide a quantitative comparison of detector performance under photon-limited conditions, enabling informed selection of the most appropriate detection technology for specific measurement and imaging applications.