Synthesis and processing of 2D materials by kinetically controlled pulsed laser deposition with in situ diagnostics

2D materials have attracted significant attention for their potential applications in future computing, optoelectronics, and microelectronics due to their exceptional optical and electrical properties. While progress has been made in the synthesis and processing, widespread application remains limited by conventional plasma processing methods, which often damage the ultrathin structures and accelerate their degradation. Key processes such as encapsulation, doping, and substitution which are critical for tuning material properties are essential for enabling practical, real-world applications. Yet, a reliable and controlled approach to performing these tasks is still lacking. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) offers a promising solution, enabling precise control over the kinetic energy of ablated species, which is crucial for advancing the synthesis and processing of 2D materials without compromising their integrity. In this work, we demonstrate our capabilities in processing 2D materials, including the formation of Janus monolayers, metal atom implantation, and encapsulation of monolayer 2D layers with minimal damage.