Technical optimization of hyperspectral remote sensing inversion for marine red tide disasters and adaptation research of ecological early warning mechanisms under international law

Marine red tide disasters have become a major threat to global coastal ecological security. Hyperspectral remote sensing, with its advantage of "integration of spectrum and image", has become a core technical means for red tide monitoring. However, existing inversion methods suffer from issues such as large atmospheric correction errors, strong interference from water optical parameters, and poor model generalization. Meanwhile, the prevention and control of cross-border red tide disasters need to adapt to the ecological early warning requirements under the framework of international laws such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Nevertheless, current regional early warning mechanisms have adaptability defects including insufficient data sharing and lack of cross-border coordination. Addressing the above problems, this study conducts research from both technical and institutional dimensions. From the technical perspective, the inversion accuracy of key red tide parameters (chlorophyll-a concentration, algal cell density) is improved by optimizing three aspects: modifying the atmospheric correction model (introducing a dynamic correction term for aerosol optical depth), optimizing the water optical parameter inversion algorithm (integrating a semi-analytical model with LSTM neural network), and constructing a multi-regional transfer learning model. From the institutional perspective, the core obligations of marine ecological early warning under international law are sorted out, and an adaptation path for the early warning mechanism featuring "data sharing - hierarchical response-cross-border coordination" is proposed. The feasibility of this path is verified with the example of the China-Japan-Korea sea area in the Northwest Pacific. The results show that the optimized inversion model improves the coefficient of determination (R2) for chlorophyll-a concentration inversion to 0.92 and reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) to 1.2 μg/L. The early warning mechanism adapted to international law can shorten the emergency response time for cross-border red tides by 40%. The research results provide technical support and institutional reference for the accurate monitoring and cross-border prevention and control of marine red tide disasters.