In situ coagulation environment regulation–assisted thrombus clearance via hydrogenated silicon-based nanothrombolytics

Thrombotic disorders remain among the leading causes of global mortality, yet current thrombolytic therapies are limited by poor targeting specificity and inadequate microenvironmental modulation, resulting in suboptimal efficacy and serious side effects. Here, we developed a hydrogen-generating nanothrombolytic agent that enables enzymatic clot dissolution in combination with intelligent microenvironment reprogramming. Specifically, we assembled urokinase, a clinical thrombolytic drug, with hydrogenated silicene (SiH) nanosheet and fibrinogen, a substrate of coagulation reaction, to promote thrombolysis. Functionally, SiH nanosheet plays multiple roles in the nanothrombolytics: blocking the functional sites of urokinase to durably inhibit its activity in circulation to prevent systemic bleeding, followed by urokinase reactivation in response to SiH nanosheet self-degradation and prothrombotic microenvironment regulation through the in situ hydrogen generation, which mitigates the oxidative stress of vascular endothelial cells and inhibits their release of procoagulant factors. This microenvironment-adaptive thrombolysis strategy offers a promising paradigm for the precise management of thrombotic emergencies.