Structural and mutational insights define ERMA as the ER Mg 2+ ATPase and reservoir gatekeeper

Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) is the most abundant divalent cation in cells, yet the mechanisms mediating its organellar transport remain poorly defined. We identify endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Mg 2+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (ERMA) as the transporter that drives Mg 2+ uptake into the ER lumen, establishing the ER as a bi-ionic intracellular reservoir. MagFRET biosensors targeted to the ER demonstrate that ERMA mediates dynamic ER Mg 2+ storage and robust adenosine 5′-triphosphate–dependent Mg 2+ uptake reaching 15 to 30 millimolar. Cryo–electron microscopy structures of human and mouse ERMA reveal a P-type ATPase fold with an unwound transmembrane 4 (TM4) that coordinates Mg 2+ via the unique PILP backbone and the TM5 residue Q1110, whose mutation markedly impairs ERMA-mediated Mg 2+ uptake. Functional reconstitution of domain mutants, ERMA-SERCA chimeras, and pathogenic variants confirm ERMA as an ER-resident Mg 2+ pump and gatekeeper of ER Mg 2+ ionic equilibrium.