Poxvirus attack of antiviral defense pathways unleashes an effector-triggered NF-κB response
Abstract
Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) is a form of pathogen sensing that involves detection of pathogen-encoded virulence factors or "effectors." To discover ETI pathways in mammals, we developed a screening approach in which we expressed individual virulence factors in a human monocyte cell line and assessed transcriptional responses by RNA sequencing. We identified a poxvirus effector, myxoma virus M3.1, which elicited an antiviral nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) response. NF-κB was unleashed by an ETI pathway that sensed M3.1 attack of two antiviral complexes: zinc finger antiviral protein and TBK1. NF-κΒ activation occurred because the proteins inhibited by M3.1-N4BP1, ZC3H12A, and TBK1-are negative regulators of NF-κB. Our study established a systematic approach for the discovery of ETI pathways, and the results illustrated how negative regulators of immune responses may function in pathogen sensing.
Fields of Study & Subjects
interferon and immune responses
Poxvirus research and outbreaks
NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Science
- Publisher
- American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
- Volume
- 391
- Issue
- 6786
- Pages
- eadw4937–eadw4937
- Publication date
- 12 February 2026
- Language
- EN