Cytotoxic CD39 + tumor-associated NK cells respond to NKG2A blockade in lung cancer

Natural killer (NK) cell–targeting immunotherapies are emerging, yet the differentiation and functional states of tumor-infiltrating NK cells remain poorly understood. Using matched single-nucleus RNA and ATAC sequencing of samples from patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we resolved the transcriptional and epigenetic landscape of intratumoral NK cells. We identified two tumor-associated NK (taNK) cell subsets marked by expression of ITGAE (CD103) and ITGA1 (CD49a) that display features of tissue residency and dysfunction while preserving cytotoxic function. Trajectory and regulon analyses revealed an inflammation-driven transition from early granzyme K ( GZMK ) + NK cells toward an ENTPD1 + (CD39 + ) effector state characterized by interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) programs. Functional profiling established CD39 + taNK cells as the dominant cytotoxic NK cell population with superior killing capacity that was further potentiated by NKG2A blockade. This study offers mechanistic insights into NK cell differentiation in NSCLC and establishes CD39 + taNK cells as a targetable effector population for immunotherapy.