Implementation of pathogen genomics in clinical microbiology laboratories

SUMMARYPathogen genomics, including whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and clinical metagenomics, is a transformative technology increasingly being implemented in clinical microbiology, including in hospital laboratories. Pathogen genomics can improve the control of healthcare-associated infections, provide rapid infection diagnosis, and could enable replacement of laborious microbiology tests. To date, real-world implementation of pathogen genome sequencing has primarily been limited to public health laboratories, but sequencing in the clinical microbiology setting has the potential to provide advantages, including turnaround time and ability to focus on local priorities. In this review, we consider the factors that represent barriers to, and potential enablers of, the implementation of pathogen genomics in clinical microbiology, including the availability of funding and genomics-trained staff. We outline key use cases and implementation models of pathogen genomics in clinical microbiology and suggest a broad framework for labs commencing sequencing. Finally, we consider future opportunities, including direct-from-specimen sequencing, the role of machine learning in genomics analysis, and the application of pathogen genomics to clinical decision support.