Free Economic Zones in Uzbekistan: Specialization and Economic Risks for the Population

Abstract This article provides a comprehensive analysis of free economic zones (FEZs) of Uzbekistan, considering their economic, environmental, and social influences. Priorities of involving foreign companies in various sectors are considered as well as the structural transformation of international involvement and the role of the government in institutionalizing and developing the FEZs. Particular attention is paid to industrial zones, where a high concentration of manufacturing facilities is contingent with environmental risks conditioned by the pollution of atmospheric air, water resources, and soils. Statistical data are used to make an integral environmental risk assessment of the FEZ regions, considering solids content (PM2.5) and disease incidence among the people. The study results indicate the need for switching from pollution restriction strategies to pollution prevention strategies, using resource-saving technologies and developing an environmental monitoring system. It is concluded that it is important to develop the FEZs using a complex approach, where economic activities are encouraged alongside the provision of environmental sustainability.