Association of surgery and economic development in low- and middle-income countries: evidence from a dynamic panel data analysis

INTRODUCTION: While health improvements drive economic growth, the specific macroeconomic impact of surgery remains unknown. Previous studies have quantified economic losses from unmet need but have not established whether surgery generates economic returns. This study investigates the association between surgical activity and economic growth across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: We analysed panel data from 95 LMICs (2000-2022) using System Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) estimation. Surgical volume was proxied by per capita suture consumption in kilograms (kg) measured by per capita suture imports (in kg), with gross domestic product (GDP) per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity as the outcome variable. We controlled for education, labour force, infrastructure, quality of governance, health expenditure, and credit availability while addressing endogeneity through internal instrumentation. RESULTS: Each 1% increase in per capita suture consumed corresponded to a 0.0083% increase in per capita GDP (p