Prevalence and risk factors of chronic kidney disease among Iranian adults with and without diabetes: a cross-sectional study using STEPS 2021 national survey

BMJ Open 2026 Open access

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Authors: Seyed Mohammad-Navid Ataei, Golaleh Almasi, Ameneh Sadat Kazemi, Naser Ahmadi, Ali Golestani, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Negar Rezaei, Sina Azadnajafabad, Nazila Rezaei, Arezou Dilmaghani-Marand, Erfan Ghasemi, Yosef Farzi
+9 more Moein Yoosefi, Kamyar Rezaee, Elmira Foroutan Mehr, Maryam Nasserinejad, Rosa Haghshenas, Arefeh Alipour Derouei, Azadeh Momen Nia Rankohi, Shirin Djalalinia, Farshad Farzadfar
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-111078
Cited by: 1
References: 52

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern and a major long-term complication of diabetes, yet its burden remains understudied in regions with limited epidemiological data. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of CKD and its associated risk factors in the Iranian adult population, stratified by diabetes status. DESIGN: Population-based cross-sectional study. SETTING: Nationally representative survey across Iran (STEPS 2021). PARTICIPANTS: 17 607 adults aged ≥25 years with complete kidney function and albuminuria data, selected through systematic sampling with weighting to ensure national representativeness. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)

Fields of Study & Subjects

Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Diabetes Treatment and Management Dialysis and Renal Disease Management

Publication details

Journal / source
BMJ Open
Publisher
BMJ
Volume
16
Issue
2
Pages
e111078–e111078
Publication date
1 February 2026
Language
EN