Musculoskeletal injuries in rock climbing: a scoping review

This scoping review examined the prevalence and characteristics of musculoskeletal injuries in rock climbing and identified existing knowledge and methodology gaps. The methodological guidance of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) was followed. Forty-five studies examining musculoskeletal injuries in rock climbing and climbing-specific training were included, encompassing climbers of various skill levels and age groups. The most common injuries were ligament sprains and muscle or tendon strains, particularly in the fingers, hands, ankles and shoulders. Finger pulley injuries were frequent in both sport climbing and bouldering, while ankle sprains were common in bouldering. Across both acute and chronic categories, finger and ankle injuries were predominant. Future studies with a broader inclusion of under-represented populations (paediatric, women and older adults) and standardised diagnostic reporting are recommended to better understand specific injury mechanisms to reduce injury risk and promote safer climbing practices, as well as to inform clinical practice by supporting the development of targeted interventions.