Biallelic TTBK1 variant causes a severe syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder: clinical and genetic insights from two siblings

Background Tau-tubulin kinase 1 ( TTBK1 ) is a neuron-enriched kinase implicated in τ phosphorylation and neurodegeneration. Human phenotypes associated with constitutional TTBK1 variants remain undefined. Methods Two siblings with a severe neurodevelopmental phenotype were assessed using quartet exome sequencing, segregation analysis and standardised clinical and neuroimaging evaluations. Results Both children exhibited profound global developmental delay, non-ambulation, axial hypotonia with lower-limb spasticity and proportionate postnatal growth failure with microcephaly. Epilepsy was present in the older sibling. Brain MRI showed a thin brainstem and corpus callosum, periventricular T2 hyperintensities and mild cerebellar atrophy in the older sibling and external hydrocephalus in the younger. Exome sequencing identified a homozygous frameshift variant in TTBK1 (NM_032538.3:c.1899del; p.Thr634Argfs*39) that segregated with the disease. The variant was absent from population databases and predicted to cause loss-of-function. According to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria, it fulfils PVS1 and PM2_P. Conclusion We report the two siblings with a neurodevelopmental disorder due to a biallelic TTBK1 loss-of-function variant, establishing TTBK1 as critical for human neurodevelopment. Together with preclinical data, these findings underscore its role in motor and cognitive circuits. Additional cases and functional studies will be essential to delineate the clinical spectrum and mechanistic basis of TTBK1 deficiency.