Caudal versus penile block and urethrocutaneous fistula formation following hypospadias repair in children <2 years: a multicenter randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND: Retrospective studies report conflicting associations between caudal block and urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) formation after hypospadias repair, often without control for hypospadias severity. Our multicenter randomized, non-inferiority trial compared UCF incidence following caudal versus penile block for single-stage hypospadias surgery. METHODS: Children ≤2 years undergoing primary single-stage midshaft or distal hypospadias repair at 16 Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network centers were randomized to caudal (group C) or penile block (group P) with general anesthesia. The primary outcome was UCF formation within 3 postoperative months. Secondary outcomes included perioperative opioid administration, and postoperative pain scores (Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC)). RESULTS: Of 210 subjects, 161 (76.6%) completed 3-month follow-up (group C: N=79; group P: N=82). UCF occurred in 7/79 (8.9%) group C and 6/82 (7.3%) group P patients (RR=0.98; 95% CI (0.35 to 2.76); p=0.9). Proximal meatal position was associated with increased UCF risk (RR=2.8; 95% CI (1.48 to 5.30); p=0.002). Group C received less intraoperative (33% vs 56%, p