Food patterns of First Nations adults in Canada: the role of ultra-processed foods, sugary drinks, and carbonated drinks in weight status

Indigenous peoples in Canada historically had nutrient-rich diets from their diverse food systems. Colonization and structural racism marginalized them through the dispossession of their lands and natural resources, leading to an inability to maintain their lifeways. While traditional diets remain highly valued, today’s diet—abundant in ultra-processed foods (UPF)—reflects ongoing colonial impacts and social and economic disparities. The raising intake of UPF, sugary drinks (SD), and carbonated drinks (CD) has raised concerns about their impact on body mass index (BMI). Examining these associations is key to designing effective interventions for First Nations. Data were analyzed from 5791 participants aged 19 years and older. Dietary intake was assessed using 24-h dietary recalls, and BMI was measured or reported. Linear regression analyses examined the associations between UPF, SD, and CD consumption and BMI, with stratification by sex. UPF consumption constituted 55.4% of total energy intake, significantly exceeding recommended limits, and was positively associated with BMI. Although overall SD consumption was high (7.7% of total energy), it did not significantly correlate with BMI. However, CD consumption (4.2% of total energy) was positively associated with BMI, particularly among males. This study underscores the need for targeted interventions to reduce UPF and CD consumption while promoting traditional food practices.