Sustainable nitrogen-doped graphene synthetized from waterborne toxic dye pollutants in nanolayered silicate

Abstract A key challenge in modern battery technology is the development of components that are both sustainable and compatible with circular material processing. In this study, we present a novel approach for fabricating graphene battery anodes using toxic dye pollutants found in wastewater, offering an environmentally friendly and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. Specifically, we demonstrate the efficient synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene—also attractive for electronic applications—through the intercalation of cationic, nitrogen-containing dyes into the two-dimensional interlayer space of a layered silicate. Subsequent pyrolytic treatment at 750 $$^{\circ }$$ ∘ C leads to the formation of single graphene nanosheets within the confined nanospace. This interlayer synthesis strategy significantly lowers the energy requirements compared to bulk graphene protocols, reducing both environmental and industrial costs. Comprehensive characterization reveals the formation of graphene islands embedded within the silicate interlayers. Initial electrochemical testing of the resulting anode material indicates lower performance than standard graphitic anodes; however, there is clear potential for improvement through further material optimization.