Optical manipulation-based cell modulation and bio-microrobot

The precise modulation of cellular behavior and function constitutes a critical aspect of contemporary biomedical research, playing a pivotal role in the advancement of precision medicine. Within the various available tools for cell modulation, optical micromanipulation has emerged as a uniquely powerful technology, offering non-invasive, high-precision control over biological systems at the single-cell and even subcellular levels. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current advancements in optical micromanipulation for cell modulation, encompassing areas such as cell trapping and manipulation, modulation of cellular functions and cell-based microrobots for biological/biomedical applications. We begin by introducing the fundamental principles and key technologies of optical tweezers (OTs), ranging from conventional and holographic systems to fiber-optic and plasmonic tweezers. Subsequently, we discuss the applications of these tools in precise cell trapping, dynamic assembly, and subcellular manipulation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we emphasize the paradigm shift toward utilizing optical micromanipulation to actively modulate cellular functions, including the regulation of algal physiological states, neuronal regulation, immune cell activation and stem cell aging. A significant focus is placed on the emerging field of optically driven cell-based microrobots, highlighting the engineering of bacteria, microalgae, and red blood cells into intelligent agents for targeted drug delivery and microsurgery. Finally, we address the critical challenges facing the field, such as tissue penetration depth and phototoxicity, and also provide a forward-looking perspective on future directions, including the integration of artificial intelligence and multi-modal actuation strategies.