FlexMSM: A Flexible FPGA-Based Accelerator for Multi-Scalar Multiplication with Reconfigurable Modular Arithmetic and Optimized Pippenger Scheduling

Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs), especially zk-SNARKs, rely heavily on Multi-Scalar Multiplication (MSM), a compute-intensive elliptic curve operation. While prior work targets curves with optimized operations like BLS12-377, MSM on general-purpose curves such as BLS12-381 remains challenging due to imbalanced resource usage, performance gaps between curve operations, and low utilization of point addition. This paper proposes FlexMSM to support scalable MSM cores on a single FPGA for BLS12-381 curve, delivering significant gains over existing works for input sizes from 218 to 226 .