Same Patient, Same Space, Divergent Needs: Revealing Gaps and Design Opportunities in Surgeon–Anesthesiologist Collaboration

Effective communication and teamwork are vital in high-stakes environments such as the operating room, where timely and accurate information exchange directly affects patient safety and surgical outcomes. Among intraoperative interactions, the collaboration between the surgeon and anesthesiologist is especially critical for maintaining smooth workflows and preventing adverse events. Despite its importance, little HCI research has explicitly examined the unique needs of this dyad or how AI-driven supportive systems might be designed to address them. In this work, we present a qualitative study of surgeon–anesthesiologist collaboration, drawing on focus groups with both specialties and in-situ observations of 45 surgeries spanning open, laparoscopic, and robotic procedures. Our findings uncover key challenges, unmet needs, and coordination breakdowns that shape this relationship. Based on these insights, we conceptualize a systems design to better support intraoperative collaboration.