Beyond Disposition: AI Knowledge Predicts Anthropomorphization of a Language Model Better Than Personality Traits in Lay and Expert Populations

Anthropomorphizing Artificial Intelligence (AI), i.e., ascribing human-like mind or emotions to it, is widespread but varies across individuals. We tested three proposed dispositional predictors of anthropomorphism (need for cognition, need for structure, loneliness) in a general population (N = 307) and an AI expert sample (N = 130). Using a vignette design based on excerpts from a dialogue between the large language model LaMDA and one of its engineers, we found that none of the three dispositional traits predicted anthropomorphism. Instead, higher levels of AI knowledge decreased anthropomorphism across both samples. Experts reported higher AI knowledge and lower anthropomorphism than laypersons. For laypersons, anthropomorphism increased intentions to use LaMDA. For experts it did not, but was correlated with discomfort. In both samples, anthropomorphism was associated with greater moral care, i.e., not switching off LaMDA against "its will". Our findings highlight the role of knowledge and expertise in perceptions of AI.