Towards Understanding Evolution of Science through Language Model Series

We introduce AnnualBERT, a series of language models designed specifically to capture the temporal evolution of scientific text. Deviating from the prevailing paradigms of subword tokenizations and “one model to rule them all,” AnnualBERT adopts whole words as tokens and is composed of a base RoBERTa model pretrained from scratch on the full-text of 1.7 million arXiv papers published until 2008 and a collection of progressively trained models on arXiv papers at an annual basis. We demonstrate the effectiveness of AnnualBERT models by showing that they not only have comparable performance in standard tasks but also achieve state-of-the-art performance on domain-specific NLP tasks as well as link prediction tasks in the arXiv citation network. Our approach enables the pretrained models to not only improve performance on scientific text processing tasks but also to provide insights into the development of scientific discourse over time. The series of the models is available at https://huggingface.co/jd445/AnnualBERTs .