Electrochemical Detection of Antiprotozoal Drug Using Scheelite Barium Molybdate Anchored Graphitic Carbon Nitride in Biological and Environmental Samples

Negligent discharge of organic toxic substances, such as antibiotics, pharmaceutical wastages, and pesticides, into water sources is a global issue that significantly endangers human health and aquatic ecosystems. Ornidazole (ONZ) is a antiprotozoal drug often found in the environment at low concentrations, posing risks to both humans and ecosystems, making the detection of ONZ crucial to prevent environmental harm. This study emphasizes the importance of electrochemical detection of ONZ drug using a fabricated Barium Molybdate (BaMoO 4 ) anchored on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ). The structure was investigated using different physicochemical techniques to analyze its structural morphology, including X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. We conducted electrochemical differential pulse voltammetry studies on different modified electrodes to detect ONZ. Among them, (BaMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 /GCE) composite exhibited a wide linear range of (0–700 μM), a low detection limit (0.0212 μM), and a high sensitivity of 5.44 μA μM −1 cm −2 . This enhanced performance is attributed to the synergistic interaction between BaMoO 4 and g-C 3 N 4 . Further, the effect of pH and sweep rate on the current response toward ONZ was studied. The material demonstrated acceptable reproducibility, repeatability, and stability for ONZ sensing and showed promising results in real-time sample analysis.