Green Approach for Sensitive Adsorptive Differential Pulse Voltammetric Determination of Canagliflozin Using Iron Oxide Nanoparticles-Based Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes

A conducting printing carbon ink fortified with iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) was formulated for construction of green screen printed carbon electrodes (FeONPs-gSPCEs). The fabricated electrodes were used for sensitive differential pulse voltammetric quantification of a newly sodium–glucose cotransporter 2–inhibitors canagliflozin (CAN) in its pharmaceutical tablets and biological samples. The ink matrix composition and the FeONPs content were optimized, where the electroanalytical futures and the surface morphology of the printed sensors were deeply characterized. Incorporation of FeONPs improved the sensor performance against the electrooxidation of CAN in BR buffer (pH 7) at 0.952 V following an adsorption-controlled electrode reaction. Comprehensive theoretical molecular orbital calculations suggested the electrooxidation of oxygen atom (O27) within the CAN moiety with the transfer of two electrons and one proton in the electrode reaction. At the optimum analytical conditions, the constructed calibration graphs showed linear dynamic range from 15 to 2348 ng ml −1 , with LOD value 3.11 ng ml −1 . The proposed FeONPs based sensors showed high measurement reproducibility, showed prolonged lifetime, and significant selectivity. The greenness of the developed voltammetric sensor was evaluated compared with the reported chromatographic and spectrometric techniques. The tentative oxidation mechanism of CAN was presented in details based on comprehensive DFT computational studies.