Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Determination of Sumatriptan in Pharmaceutical, Biological, and Environmental Samples with the Use of Lawsone Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

This work reports the development of a novel and highly sensitive voltammetric sensor based on a unique hybrid of lawsone (LAW) and mesoporous carbon (MC) for the precise determination of sumatriptan (SUM). The innovative combination of LAW and MC creates a synergistic effect that significantly enhances the electroactive surface area and promotes faster electron transfer, addressing the limitations of traditional electrode materials. The fabricated LAW-MC/GCE sensor offers exceptional analytical performance, featuring an extraordinarily low detection limit of 2.7 nM (0.0008 mg l −1 ) and a wide linear response range from 0.002 to 0.8 mg l −1 . Beyond its high sensitivity, the sensor demonstrates superior signal stability (RSD = 0.88%) and excellent selectivity, enabling reliable measurements in complex matrices. The practical utility of this novel platform was successfully validated through the quantification of SUM in pharmaceutical formulations, biological samples, and certified reference materials, yielding high recovery rates and confirming its potential for routine clinical and industrial applications.