Standing of Electrochemical Sensors on the 250th Anniversary of the USA

Since the discovery of oxygen meters by Leland C. Clark (1956), the United States of America (USA) has been continually investigating efficient electrochemical sensors (E-Sens) to measure markers in line with demand and scope. The success of the glucometer (1962) accelerated the focus from developing selective, sensitive, and stable (SSS) sensing prototypes. Over time, in the USA, systematic multidisciplinary research is being conducted to overcome sensing challenges and achieve desired features, such as high sensitivity, high selectivity, longer stability, portability, personalized sensing, and validation to transform sensing prototypes for efficient management of targeted issues. Such sensing technology, supported by 4th (nano-enabled chips and sensing prototypes), 5th [Internet of Things (IoT)-based approaches, i.e., hardware and electronics], and 6th generation [Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based approaches, i.e., software] E-Sens technology, to transform them into acceptable, affordable, and applicable (AAA) commercial products with a market. Such optimized and transformative E-Sens perform testing in point-of-care (PoC) and point-of-use (PoU) settings to track a marker, perform risk assessments, and decision-making, needed to support the quality of life. To highlight these state-of-the-art E-Sens on the 250th independent anniversary of the USA, this comprehensive commentary article discusses the journey and standing of E-Sens, along with trends, challenges, and perspectives on personalized sensing.