Energy-Output Comparison of PERC, TOPCon, and HJT in a 2 MW Bifacial Floating PV System

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems are emerging as a solution for land-constrained renewable deployment, yet their energy yield is often limited by the low albedo of water surfaces. Although bifacial modules and advanced cell technologies can mitigate this problem, little work has systematically compared their performance under FPV conditions. This study employs PVsyst 7.2 to simulate a 2 MW bifacial FPV plant on Boryeong Lake, South Korea, assessing the combined effects of orientation, tracking, and three leading technologies, PERC, TOPCon, and HJT. Results show that bifacial modules produce about 5% more energy than monofacial ones, and single-axis tracking raises output by 20% relative to fixed-tilt systems. Among the cell types, HJT achieved the highest annual yield, outperforming PERC and TOPCon due to its lower temperature coefficient and higher bifaciality. These findings highlight the importance of technology selection and system design in maximizing FPV performance and provide quantitative guidance for future FPV deployment. The study also establishes a simulation baseline for validating experimental FPV projects in diverse climates.