Effects of Typical Geological Structures on Deep‐Hole Blasting Performance in Open Slopes

To investigate the influence of typical geological structures on deep‐hole blasting in open slopes, field blasting experiments were carried out on limestone slopes featuring stiff structural plane, fracture zone, and karst zone. Techniques, including borehole camera, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry, and blast vibration monitoring were employed to analyze the effects on blasting fragmentation, vibration, heap, and fume characteristics. Results showed that the proportion of large blocks followed the trend: fracture zone (21%) > stiff structural plane (15%) > karst zone (2%). Peak particle velocity (PPV) was highest in the stiff structural plane, while its attenuation rate was lowest. The blasting heap in the stiff structural plane showed overall heaving; in the fracture zone, it accumulated horizontally; in the karst zone, it was flatter with localized collapse. Blasting fume dispersion showed column‐shaped, layered, and sparse characteristics in the stiff structural plane, fracture zone, and karst zone, respectively. Geological structures significantly influence blasting performance, causing uneven fragmentation, excessive vibration, heap collapse, and irregular fume dispersion. By identifying geological structures through borehole camera and UAV photogrammetry, analyzing their influence on blasting characteristics, and combining this with blast vibration analysis, it is possible to evaluate deep‐hole blasting effectiveness in open slopes more comprehensively and reliably, thereby enabling rational optimization of blasting parameters while reducing environmental impacts and enhancing the long‐term stability of slopes.