Therapeutic Effect of Eugenol‐Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Histologic and Molecular Study

Background Eugenol is a phenolic compound known for its antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. Its encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles (EuChiNPs) enhances stability and therapeutic efficacy. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of EuChiNPs on Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori ) infection in rats, focusing on its impact on inflammatory and apoptotic pathways. Methods EuChiNPs were synthesized and characterized using DLS, TEM, and FTIR techniques. A total of 42 male Wistar rats were divided into six groups, including controls, H. pylori ‐infected, and treatment groups receiving EuChiNPs, standard antibiotics, or a combination. The effects of treatments were evaluated using RT‐PCR, ELISA, Western blotting, and histopathology. Results The combination of EuChiNPs and standard antibiotics significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory markers interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). Serum levels of IL‐1β, IL‐8, and TNF‐α were markedly decreased in the combination group compared with antibiotics alone ( p < 0.0001). Western blot analysis revealed a reduction in caspase‐3 and caspase‐7 expression, indicating attenuation of apoptosis. Histopathological analysis showed improved mucosal integrity and reduced bacterial density in the combination treatment group. Conclusion EuChiNPs demonstrated strong anti‐inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects, especially when combined with standard antibiotics. This novel approach promises to improve H. pylori eradication while minimizing antibiotic resistance and side effects. Further clinical studies are recommended to validate these findings.