Cadmium and Cadmium Nano‐Based Materials: Exploration of Their Toxicity and Carcinogenic and Anticarcinogenic Properties

Introduction Exposure to cadmium (Cd) can result in cancer and toxicity to various organ systems, including the reproductive system, peripheral nervous system and respiratory system, among others. Cadmium (Cd) is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) due to its ability to induce oxidative stress, DNA damage and epigenetic modifications. Moreover, Cd has a long half‐life, which exacerbates its toxic effects. On the other hand, with the advancement of nanotechnology, cadmium‐based nanomaterials such as cadmium quantum dots and cadmium oxide nanoparticles have been widely explored for their potential applications in medicine, imaging and drug delivery. Aim and Objectives This paradox presents an intriguing scientific challenge: While bulk cadmium is primarily associated with carcinogenesis, cadmium‐containing nanomaterials exhibit both procarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects depending on their physicochemical properties, dosage and biological interactions. This review explores the dual role of cadmium and cadmium‐based nanomaterials in cancer biology. It examines the molecular mechanisms through which cadmium induces carcinogenesis, including oxidative stress and disruption of tumour suppressor pathways. Simultaneously, it investigates the emerging evidence, suggesting that certain cadmium‐based nanomaterials may exhibit anticancer properties, such as selective cytotoxicity towards cancer cells, apoptosis induction and potential use in cancer therapy. Results Various studies reported from the literature indicate that while cadmium exposure causes toxicity, its modification into nanoparticles can act as an anticarcinogen. Conclusion This review summarizes findings that support further research on modified cadmium for cancer treatment and diagnosis.