Interplay of Mitochondrial Dynamics, Nutrition, and Vitamins: Evidence From Experimental and Human Studies With Implications for Women’s Health

BACKGROUND: Nutrition is a key modifiable factor supporting mitochondrial health and is essential for ovarian function and women's health across the life course. From menarche to menopause, mitochondrial efficiency underpins physiological balance. The menopausal transition is particularly critical, as hormonal and neuroendocrine changes are associated with impaired mitochondrial function and increased risk of age-related disorders. AIM: This review aimed to systematically review and synthesize the available evidence on mitochondrial function across in vitro, animal, and human studies and to evaluate the potential protective role of vitamins and nutrients in maintaining mitochondrial health, with attention to sex-specific findings. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across multiple electronic databases. Forty-six eligible studies were identified and critically reviewed for evidence on mitochondrial function, sex-based differences, and nutritional influences. RESULTS: Mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the pathophysiology of age-related disorders, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative conditions, and cancer. Nutritional factors are crucial for preserving mitochondrial integrity. Vitamins C, E, and D, NAD + precursors such as nicotinamide riboside, coenzyme Q10, MitoQ, fucoxanthin, and cabergoline reduce oxidative stress, enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, support electron transport chain activity and ATP production, and maintain redox balance. These actions promote mitochondrial resilience and cellular energy metabolism. Evidence further indicates that women, particularly during the menopausal transition, exhibit heightened vulnerability to mitochondrial dysfunction, highlighting the relevance of nutrition-based interventions. CONCLUSION: Optimizing dietary intake of vitamins, antioxidants, and mitochondrial cofactors is a cost-effective, accessible strategy to support mitochondrial health and reduce age-related disease risk in women.