Nesting dynamics of Red-wattled Lapwing <Vanellus indicus> Boddaert, 1783 in urban and rural regions of Indore, India

With their ground-nesting habits, the Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus are particularly vulnerable to urbanization, which ffects their nesting behaviour, reproductive success, and habitat use. The present study was designed to explore the adaptation strategies of the species in rural (Jamli), peri-urban (Rau) and urban (Holkar Science College) habitats of Indore, adhya Pradesh, India. Forty-five nests were monitored for nesting success (March–July 2024), along with predation risks and microclimatic conditions during the breeding season. Nest site, clutch ize, incubation, and fledgling success were observed. Nesting success was highest (93%) in peri-urban and rural areas (90%), but lowest (70%) in urban areas; a similar pattern was observed for reproductive success, which was highest in peri-urban and rural habitats and lowest in urban regions. Primarily found on rooftops, urban nests avoided many risks associated with terrestrial predators but introduced new risks, including high levels of human disturbance, altered predator communities, and extreme microclimates that negatively affected reproductive success. Nesting in rural areas provided optimal conditions, with less human interference, improved natural camouflage, and constant dynamics of the environment. Peri-urban areas showed great success, reflecting a balance between natural and anthropogenic influences. We, therefore, conclude that urban areas do show the adaptability of the species. To mitigate the impacts of urbanization, conservation efforts should prioritize protecting rural and peri-urban habitats, reducing human disturbance, and supporting artificial nesting platforms in urban areas.