Malnutrition and Cachexia in Inpatients With Acute Cardiac Conditions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Malnutrition can affect patients with various acute cardiovascular disease conditions, including acute coronary syndromes, arrhythmias, or valvular disease; however, most of the literature has focused on patients with heart failure. Malnutrition prevalence estimates range from 20% to 60% for hospitalized patients. Use of Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria for malnutrition diagnosis for patients with cardiovascular disease has confirmed prognostic value, correlating with poorer physical function and higher mortality. Nutritional support plays a key role for inpatients, particularly in the cardiac intensive care unit, and includes initiation of feeding within 48 hours of hospitalization, preferably through enteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is more cost-effective compared with parenteral nutrition and can decrease mortality and shorten lengths of stay. Parenteral nutrition is reserved for patients with severe gastrointestinal dysfunction or to supplement nutrition when enteral nutrition is contraindicated, for example, during high pressor doses that preclude adequate intestinal perfusion or when achieving