From “Old” to “Authority”

Abstract This study delves into the semantic nuances of πρεσβύτεροι in the Septuagint of the Pentateuch. Drawing on Hellenistic vocabulary and papyri from third and second centuries BCE Egypt, the paper examines instances where πρεσβύτεροι in the LXX -Pentateuch refers to a council of elders or a group of officials within administrative boards. In fact, documentary papyri contemporary with the LXX reveal πρεσβύτεροι as a semi-professional title, particularly within associations and local committees, suggesting a role in maintaining social order and representing communities to higher authorities. This pseudo-official designation is evident in various papyri, including those from Jewish communities in Egypt (P.Polit.Iud.). The paper will argue that the LXX employs the term πρεσβύτεροι to designate the council of elders, mirroring its Hellenistic usage within Jewish local authorities and structures in Egypt. This semantic alignment suggests a deliberate choice by the translator to convey the professional role of elders within the community.