Submarine Cables in the Circumpolar Area: Governance and Security Issues

Abstract As the Arctic undergoes rapid geopolitical and environmental transformations, submarine cables have emerged as a critical infrastructure for enhancing connectivity, fostering economic development, and improving digital well-being for northern communities. Submarine cables form a digital backbone of the modern world and significantly contribute to the telecommunications infrastructure development of the northern territories. At the same time, their presence also introduced significant governance and security challenges unique to the Arctic region. This article explores governance frameworks surrounding submarine cables, including international and national levels. Beyond that, the article analyzes key security challenges associated with submarine cables in the Arctic, such as geopolitical competition, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, human security concerns and Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) driven issues. This article also offers several considerations as to how these challenges may be addressed in the current context of the Arctic including discussion regarding the Arctic-specific submarine cable agreement. By analyzing completed submarine cables and considering ongoing cable projects, this article aims to raise awareness about the vital role of submarine cables in the Arctic. It underscores the need for enhanced international and regional collaboration, robust security measures, and sustainable governance approaches to ensure the resilience and security of this essential infrastructure in the circumpolar area.