Age-related differences in immune responses to inactivated influenza and adjuvanted recombinant herpes zoster vaccines

Immunosenescence, the biological aging of the immune system, leads to dysregulated immune responses, increasing susceptibility to infections and reducing vaccine efficacy in older adults, as seen with flu vaccines. In contrast, the AS01-adjuvanted recombinant herpes zoster vaccine (RZV) maintains high and sustained efficacy, offering 82% protection against herpes zoster at 11 years after vaccination in individuals over 50. To identify factors affecting age-dependent vaccine efficacy, we conducted a randomized, partially placebo-controlled clinical study. Young adults (18-35 years, n = 84) were randomized 3:3:1:1 to receive either RZV, an inactivated quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine (IIV4), or a placebo for RZV or for IIV4, and older adults (≥60, n = 63) were randomized 1:1 to receive RZV or IIV4. RZV elicited robust antibody production, antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses, and IFN-γ from PBMCs in both age groups, while IIV4 increased antibody responses but induced fewer antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and no elevation of IFN-γ from PBMCs. Interestingly, RZV reduced systemic inflammation in older adults, particularly after the second injection. Baseline inflammation negatively correlated with antibody production and IFN-γ response, especially after RZV. Our findings suggest that RZV may help overcome immunosenescence by enhancing cellular responses and potentially decreasing systemic inflammation, deserving further investigation into the underlying molecular mechanisms.