Hemp versus marijuana: Chemistry- and pharmacology-associated regulatory framework

Cannabis is a chemically diverse plant with bioactive cannabinoids that exert a wide range of therapeutic and psychoactive effects. This review comprehensively explores the botanical, chemical, pharmacological, and regulatory distinctions between hemp and marijuana, focusing particularly on the contrasting actions of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). We examine cannabinoid biosynthesis, structure–activity relationships (SARs) in relation to receptor interactions and activation, and metabolic pathways to highlight the scientific basis for their different effects and clinical applications. Additionally, the paper critically evaluates detection techniques and surveys international legal frameworks, highlighting disparities that often reflect cultural rather than scientific understanding. By integrating emerging clinical data and public policy trends, this review underscores the need for evidence-based reform and education, especially regarding non-intoxicating cannabinoids such as CBD. It also offers a scientific foundation to inform both health professionals and regulators in shaping future cannabis policy.