Beneath the Surface: Examining the Socio-Economic and Health Impacts of Sand Mining on Miners in Kashmir

In the Jhelum river basin of Jammu and Kashmir, sand mining serves as a vital source of livelihood but comes at a significant cost to the well-being of miners. This study investigates the multifaceted economic, health, and social challenges faced by sand miners, who, despite contributing to a thriving construction industry, often operate in unregulated and hazardous conditions. Grounded in social exclusion and vulnerability theories, the research employs qualitative interviews with 20 miners to uncover how systemic barriers perpetuate cycles of financial insecurity, occupational health risks, and social stigma. The findings highlight chronic health problems, economic instability, and community marginalisation, which intensify the vulnerability of miners in an already precarious informal sector. This study highlights the pressing need for policies that address occupational safety, financial empowerment, and social inclusion. By spotlighting the human costs of sand mining, it advocates for a holistic approach to safeguard and uplift these marginalised communities.