Gender Equality Differentiation Hinders Progress Toward Gender Equality

Gender inequality has been an enduring issue throughout history and continues to persist in modern society. Although we have achieved much gender equality, this progress has stagnated. We propose that gender equality differentiation, defined as the variance in the levels of gender equality across different dimensions, is a critical but neglected factor that impedes progress toward gender equality. Using a global dataset of 158 countries spanning from 2006 to 2022 (Study 1; N = 1,906), we find that countries with a higher level of gender equality differentiation at the focal year have a lower level of gender equality in the next year. A global survey (Study 2; N = 45,611) and a preregistered experiment (Study 3; N = 566) further demonstrate the underlying mechanisms. This research reveals a paradox—isolated efforts in addressing some aspects of gender inequality inadvertently stall efforts to address holistic gender inequality.