Dairy consumption and breast cancer risk: A comprehensive systematic review of current evidence

BackgroundThe relationship between dairy consumption and breast cancer remains controversial, with studies reporting protective, neutral, and adverse associations.ObjectivesTo synthesize current evidence on the association between dairy consumption and breast cancer risk through a systematic review.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of observational studies and meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2025 using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Data extraction followed PRISMA guidelines, focusing on study design, population, dairy type, intake levels, and outcomes.ResultsEleven eligible studies were included, involving over 2 million participants across diverse populations. Yogurt and low-fat dairy were generally associated with reduced breast cancer risk, while high-fat milk and processed cheese showed trends toward increased risk. Subgroup analyses revealed differences by estrogen receptor (ER) status and menopausal stage.ConclusionsThe impact of dairy on breast cancer risk varies by product type and patient characteristics. Further research is needed to delineate these relationships and inform dietary recommendations.