Chronological Closure Patterns of Cranial Sutures in a Gujarati Population: A Forensic Age Estimation Study

Age estimation is a critical aspect of forensic identification, particularly in adults, where traditional skeletal markers become less reliable. Cranial suture closure, though controversial, remains a valuable parameter, especially when population-specific standards are applied. This study aimed to assess the correlation between cranial suture closure and chronological age in the Gujarati population. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 medicolegal autopsy cases (50 males, 50 females) aged 13–78 years. Suture closure was assessed using the Acsadi-Nemeskeri scoring system across 16 defined cranial segments. Both endocranial and ectocranial surfaces were examined. In this study, Sagittal sutures closed earliest (30s), followed by coronal (40s), and lambdoid (50+), with near-complete fusion by 60 years. Endocranial closure demonstrated slightly higher accuracy (85%, MAE ± 4.2 years) compared to ectocranial (81%, MAE ± 4.8 years). Correlation with age was strongest for endocranial sagittal sutures (r = 0.946). No significant gender differences were observed. The findings indicate cranial suture closure, particularly endocranial sagittal fusion, is a reliable, gender-independent method for age estimation in the Gujarati population. It is most accurate in individuals aged 30–60 years and should be incorporated into forensic protocols alongside other age indicators.